Filed 4/13/18 P. v. Baker CA5
Opinion on remand from Supreme Court


NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

BOBBY DARREN BAKER,

Defendant and Appellant.

F071120

(Super. Ct. No. VCF295267)


OPINION

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Tulare County. Darryl B. Ferguson, Judge.
J. Peter Axelrod, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris and Xavier Becerra, Attorneys General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, Catherine Chatman and Kevin L. Quade, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
-ooOoo-

Defendant Bobby Darren Baker, a juvenile, was charged with the murder of Richard Zepeda in the first degree (Pen. Code, § 187, subd. (a) [count 1]) and gang conspiracy (§ 182.5 [count 2]). In connection with count 1, it was alleged he committed the offense for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association with a gang (§ 186.22, subd. (b)) and a principal personally and intentionally discharged a firearm and proximately caused Richard’s death (§ 12022.53, subds. (d), (e)(1)). In connection with counts 1 and 2, it was alleged defendant himself personally and intentionally discharged a firearm and proximately caused Richard’s death (§ 12022.53, subd. (d)).
The jury found defendant guilty of the lesser included offense of second degree murder on count 1 and guilty as charged on count 2. It found true only the gang and vicarious firearm discharge allegations on count 1. The trial court imposed an aggregate sentence of 40 years to life: 15 years to life on count 1 plus 25 years to life for the firearm enhancement. The court stayed execution of the gang enhancement on count 1 and punishment on count 2.
On appeal, defendant originally argued the evidence did not support the murder and gang conspiracy convictions; the trial court erroneously instructed the jury on aider and abettor liability; the court erroneously prohibited defense counsel from mentioning his age in the summation; defense counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to object to the gang expert’s testimony; and Proposition 57, also known as the “Public Safety and Rehabilitation Act of 2016,” which requires youths accused of committing crimes to have a hearing in juvenile court before they can be transferred to adult criminal court, inter alia, applies retroactively. We originally affirmed the judgment, holding (1) substantial evidence supported defendant’s convictions; (2) the court correctly instructed the jury on aider and abettor liability; (3) the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it prohibited defense counsel from mentioning defendant’s age in his summation; (4) defendant’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel must be rejected because the appellate record does not shed light on why defense counsel acted or failed to act in the challenged manner; and (5) Proposition 57 does not apply retroactively.
The California Supreme Court granted review and remanded the case to us with directions to vacate our decision and reconsider the cause in light of People v. Superior Court (Lara) (2018) 4 Cal.5th 299 (Lara). We have done so. In view of Lara, we conclude defendant is retroactively entitled to a transfer hearing, which shall be conducted by the juvenile court.
In addition, in their supplemental briefs, the parties agree an amendment to section 12022.53, enacted by Senate Bill No. 620 (Stats. 2017, ch. 682, §§ 1-2) and effective January 1, 2018, applies retroactively. If, at the transfer hearing, the juvenile court concludes it would have transferred defendant’s case to a court of criminal jurisdiction, the sentencing court shall have the opportunity to exercise its newfound discretion under Senate Bill No. 620 as to the firearm enhancement.
STATEMENT OF FACTS
I. Prosecution’s case-in-chief.
a. Prologue.
In October 2010, a group of Sureños opened fire on a group of Norteños in Woodlake. Ricardo Zepeda, a Sureño, shot and killed Anthony Cardenas , a Norteño. After Anthony’s death, the Cardenas family “put a hit out on” Jorge Martinez (George) , who associated with Ricardo, the other Sureños involved in the shooting, and Sureños in general. Subsequently, various incidents arose at the Martinez residence on East Antelope Avenue. Anthony’s mother Isabel Cardenas repeatedly drove by the residence. Once, she dropped off a group of Norteños in front of the house. Periodically, individuals shouting “Norte” tried to enter the property and fight George. Shots were fired on three occasions. Liquor bottles and other items were thrown at the windows on seven occasions. Graffiti of the words “Vario Woodlake Loco” and the number “4” covered the fence. As a result of these incidents, the Martinez family installed an outdoor video surveillance system. In addition, George’s father Jorge Martinez Saucedo began to carry a .38-caliber revolver.
Sometime during the week of January 18, 2013, George was taking out the trash when defendant, Martin Saldana, and two other males walked by the house and yelled “Norte.” Defendant had tattoos of a single dot on one arm, four dots on the other arm, and the words “Woodlake,” “Big Block,” and “VWL” all over his arms and upper body. He told George, “I have something waiting for you. We got something for you.” Defendant also proclaimed George “was going to get it.” Saldana removed his shirt, exposing a “VWL” tattoo across his chest. Thereafter, the group departed.
b. The night of Richard’s murder.
On February 1, 2013, at or around 7:00 p.m., upon returning home from work, George observed defendant, Saldana, and two other males walking across East Antelope Avenue and onto Olive Lane, an alley next to the Martinez residence. George went inside the house and alerted Jorge, who revealed he had seen the same men earlier that day at the neighboring park. Starting at or around 8:00 p.m., George and Jorge smoked and drank beer in the backyard. Jorge also patrolled the perimeter. Sometime before 8:30 p.m., two unidentified individuals tried to open the front gate but left after Jorge approached them with his revolver. At some point, the hammer of the gun jammed. George phoned his friend Jose Guijon and asked him to fix it. Ten minutes later, Guijon, Derek Renteria, and Ricardo’s relative Richard arrived. After Guijon repaired the revolver, he, Renteria, and Richard smoked and drank with George and Jorge in the backyard.
On February 2, 2013, sometime after midnight, George, Jorge, and Guijon spotted a hand reaching over the fence with a gun. Jorge ordered everyone to “[get] to the ground.” The assailant fired at least seven times. Jorge returned fire. In the middle of the exchange, Renteria heard someone on the other side of the fence shout, “[T]hat’s right, Norte.” After the shooting ceased, George, Guijon, and Renteria went to Richard, who had sustained a bullet wound to the head and remained motionless on the ground. Jorge opened the side gate, saw two individuals on Olive Lane about 35 feet away, and fired at least twice. George, who followed, saw two other individuals running through the park. George and Renteria phoned 911. Richard ultimately died as a result of the head injury. A .22-caliber bullet was subsequently removed from his scalp.
At or around 12:30 a.m., Woodlake Police Officers Garcia and Garibay were on patrol in separate vehicles near Sequoia Avenue and Pepper Street when they heard gunshots coming from the southeast. They were immediately dispatched to the Martinez residence. Garcia drove directly to the residence and made contact with George, who was “hysterical.” A .22-caliber bullet was found in the backyard. Meanwhile, Garibay searched the neighborhood for suspects. On Olive Lane near the Pomegranate Street T intersection, he spotted a human silhouette about 50 feet away and Saldana lying on the ground about 10 feet away. The silhouette appeared to be running southbound toward Naranjo Boulevard. Garibay observed a bullet wound in Saldana’s side. When asked who had shot him, Saldana remarked, “[T]hose fucking scraps . . . .” Garibay confiscated Saldana’s cell phone but did not find a gun on Saldana’s person or in the vicinity.
c. Aftermath.
On February 2, 2013, at or around 6:00 a.m., Isabel drove by the Martinez residence and “mad dogged” George. A month later, at Ricardo’s sentencing hearing, she stated “she believed . . . karma would take care of [the] Zepeda[] family for what happened to her son.”
Law enforcement searched defendant’s residence and found a red San Francisco 49ers cap, a Boston Red Sox cap with the letter “B,” a Washington Nationals cap with the letter “W,” and a Nebraska Cornhuskers cap with a red letter “N.”
In a police interview, defendant acknowledged his nickname was “Bubba” and he used a cell phone with the number ending in 5914. He “kick[ed] back with” “Northerners” and described “VWL” as his “family.” Defendant explained the words “Big Block” referred to Woodlake. When asked whether he was aware of the incident that resulted in Saldana’s injury, defendant said he heard about the injury from a “buddy” and suggested “[e]verybody” knew because Woodlake was a “[s]mall town.” When asked about his whereabouts during the February 2, 2013, shooting, he replied, “I don’t know . . . .”
d. Phone evidence.
Multiple images were extracted from Saldana’s cell phone. The first image showed defendant “[thr]owing a hand sign with a W,” Cameron Hastings “throwing up the 4,” and Saldana “also throwing up number 4 with his hand sign.” They were accompanied by Saldana’s relative Diego Rojas and Walter Maldonado. The second image showed Saldana “throwing the number 1 with his finger” and defendant “[thr]owing the 4 hand sign,” forming the number “14.” Saldana was also wearing a hat with the letter “B.” The last image showed defendant and Maldonado displaying the letter “B” and the number “4,” respectively. They were accompanied by Saldana.
Wireless carrier records exhibited the pinged locations of defendant’s cell phone on February 1 and 2, 2013, during the hours before and after the shooting: Visalia at 11:01 p.m. and 11:03 p.m.; Exeter at 11:35 p.m.; and Woodlake between 11:43 p.m. and 3:24 a.m. Wireless carrier records also exhibited the pinged locations of Saldana’s cell phone on February 1 and 2, 2013, during the hours before and after the shooting: Woodlake at approximately 6:30 p.m.; Visalia between 8:42 p.m. and 10:46 p.m.; Farmersville at 11:07 p.m. and 11:13 p.m.; Exeter at 11:29 p.m.; and Woodlake between 11:44 p.m. and 12:23 a.m.
On February 1, 2013, at 6:17 p.m., Saldana texted defendant, “U wanna mob[]to visa . . . [?]” At 6:19 p.m., defendant texted back, “Ight.” In text messages sent to Venecia Cardenas at 8:39 p.m., 9:12 p.m., and 9:14 p.m., defendant indicated he and Saldana were in Visalia.
California Highway Patrol (CHP) records showed defendant made a 911 call on February 2, 2013, at 12:36 a.m. The call transcript reads:
“[Defendant]: Yeah the homie caught it.
“CHP Dispatch: 911.
“[Defendant]: Um we[’]re right here on . . . Pomegranate. My friend got shot.
“CHP Dispatch: Okay. Where is this at? What city are you in?
“[Defendant]: On Pomegranate. [¶] . . . [¶] . . . Woodlake, California.
“CHP Dispatch: Stay on the phone for the police. Do not hang up.
“[Defendant]: All right, thanks.
“. . . Saldana: I’m shot bro . . . I got shot bro. Call my brother bro. [¶] . . . [¶]
“[Defendant]: (Unintelligible) status big homie . . . . Did I hit high homie?” (Boldface, italics, & underlining omitted.)
Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates placed the phone on Olive Lane.
On February 2, 2013, between 1:23 a.m. and 1:50 a.m., defendant and Venecia engaged in the following text exchange:
“[Venecia:] Where you guys at?!?!
“[Defendant:] Ill hit u up later k.. mybad
“[Venecia:] Why?
“[Defendant:] Let me hit u up later gurl.. trust me n dnt b mad at me
“[Venecia:] Where you at tho!
“[Defendant:] I’m kew.. n at da broz [¶] . . . [¶]
“[Venecia:] Stay there. The cops are hellla hot right now.”
Between 8:26 a.m. and 9:43 a.m., defendant and Saldana’s girlfriend Anyssa engaged in the following text exchange:
“[Anyssa:] Hey r u with martin . . . . [C]an u call me & let me know whats going on.? [¶] . . . [¶]
“[Defendant:] Hez n da hospital..
“[Anyssa:] Is he ok?? [¶] . . . [¶] Can u gimmie hiz broz # [¶] . . . [¶]
“[Defendant:] He got shot, bt hez kew
“[Anyssa:] Hes koo??so does he get to come home today?
“[Defendant:] Naa hez gnna be der 4 a while.. n hiz broz nt wit him
“[Anyssa:] Whoz with him?my bad for askin 21 questionz i jux wanna kno whats going on with him.
“[Defendant:] itz all good, dat my boy n hiz momz witem bt I dnt got her#”
Between 11:17 a.m. and 11:33 a.m., defendant and Isabel’s husband or boyfriend Rudy Delgadillo engaged in the following text exchange:
“[Defendant:] I talked 2 da homiez hefa[ ] n she sed hez doing kew bro [¶] . . . [¶]
“[Delgadillo:] Dat he’s doing good [¶] . . . [¶]
“[Defendant:] Ya g dat hez doing firme.. n she sounded like if it waz all good bro
“[Delgadillo:] Dats good my Bio. . . . [¶] So I just hope every thing ends up fine but well holla manana k.”
Between 8:37 p.m. and 8:48 p.m., defendant and Anyssa engaged in another text exchange:
“[Defendant:] Yupp.. hez azleep rn tho
“[Anyssa:] Ok well tell him i miss him and to call me plz [¶] . . . [¶]
“[Defendant:] Dnt trip ill tell’ em dnt trip [¶] . . . [¶]
“[Anyssa:] Thankz. Do u kno when ppl can go c him? [¶] . . . [¶]
“[Defendant:] Na bt ill find out.. dnt trip gurl ill holla atu whn I get sum mor info
“[Anyssa:] Thankz. [¶] . . . [¶]
“[Defendant:] Yuup”
Between 9:01 p.m. and 9:36 p.m., defendant and Hastings engaged in the following text exchange:
“[Hastings:] Watz gud g u coo
“[Defendant:] Yah I’m firme.. n u
“[Hastings:] Yee. They tryna say sum shit on us [¶] . . . [¶]
“[Defendant:] Let’em homie.. dey ain’t got shit on uz
“[Hastings:] Simon limon the p.o didnt go to ur chantz today
“[Defendant:] Chale g.. [¶] . . . [¶] I thnk therz a kik bak.. ima find out g u wnna mob [¶] . . . [¶]
“[Hastings:] Na u need to kick back and stay home carnal [¶] . . . [¶]
“[Defendant:] Fuk homie.. I’m tryn get sum pussy b4 I go bak n u feel me
“[Hastings:] Na g if u or me get caught slippn itz all bad im tryna go to poros
“[Defendant:] Watz up out der
“[Hastings:] Natha just so I aint home wen they come [¶] . . . [¶]
“[Defendant:] I ain’t gonna mob den g ..”
Between 10:24 p.m. and 11:01 p.m., defendant and Maggie Garcia engaged in the following text exchange:
“[Garcia:] . . . I’m just hella sad right now foo I don’t want Martin to do time [¶] Or u niether Bubba serio u out of da homiez is hella koo n I got much luv for ya n idk its crazy foo. . . . [¶] . . . [¶]
“[Defendant:] Dnt trip gurl.. it iz wat it iz [¶] . . . [¶]
“[Garcia:] U koo Bubbah? I knw kibkib[ ] is hella strong n is a righteous ass homie but I just hope for the best n prepare for the worse [¶] . . . [¶]
“[Defendant:] Alllll day. Itz watevr ima homie u feel me?? Wat m I gnna do [¶] . . . [¶]
“[Garcia:] I knw u a homie I feel u but homiez got feelings too u feel me I’m just saying if u need anything I’m here ight no matter wat foo serio
“[Defendant:] Ight thnx maggie 4 everything.. u hella firme to da fullezt n I respect dat serio [¶] . . . [¶]
“[Garcia:] Ur welcome homie I luv u foo never for get that. N I will always have ur bk to da fullest weather u here or behind walls I got u. U can count on that [¶] . . . [¶]
“[Defendant:] Datz rght likewize maggie.. much luv n respect n full my gurl”
On February 5, 2013, at 12:15 p.m., Garcia texted defendant, “I JUST GOT WORD THAT MENDEZ N WPD[ ] IZ AT COURT HOUZE GETTING LOTZ OF ZEARCH WARRENTZ FOR DA BLOCK ZO HEADZ UP HOMIEZ ZPREAD WORD”
e. Gang expert testimony.
Sanchez, the prosecution’s gang expert, testified the Norteños are a criminal street gang whose primary activities include unlawful homicide, assault with a deadly weapon, robbery, carjacking, and possession of controlled substances for sale. Members wear red attire and identify with the letter “N,” which stands for “Norte,” “Northern,” and “Norteño,” and the numbers “1,” “4,” and “14.” Norteños territorialize the area north of Delano while the rival Sureños territorialize the area south of Delano. Norteños refer to Sureños pejoratively as “scraps” and commonly replace the letter “S” with the letters “X” or “Z” or the symbol “$” in words.
Over 3,000 documented Norteños and Norteño associates reside in Tulare County. In particular, the Norteño subset VWL, which stands for “Vario Woodlake Locos,” has 20 to 30 active members in Woodlake. Subset members wear attire displaying the letters “W” and “B,” which stand for “Woodlake” and “Big Block,” respectively. Delgadillo and at least one member of the Cardenas family have “high status” within VWL.
According to Sanchez, in deciding whether to document someone as a gang member, law enforcement considers whether the person (1) admitted being a gang member; (2) was identified as a gang member by a reliable source; (3) associated with gang members; (4) was in or possessed gang-related photographs; (5) was involved in a gang-related crime; (6) was identified in a gang-related correspondence; (7) had gang-related tattoos; (8) wore gang-related clothing or attire; (9) wrote or possessed gang-related material; and (10) admitted being a gang member while in a custodial facility. One is classified as a gang member when at least three of the criteria are satisfied.
Based on various reports, field identification cards, discussions with other police officers, defendant’s interview, and other research, Sanchez concluded defendant was an active Norteño at the time of the crime. Defendant admitted being a Norteño and his probation officer identified him as a Norteño. He associated with documented Norteños, including Delgadillo, Hastings, Maldonado, Rojas, Julian Cardenas, Rodrigo Garcia, Hector Morales, Garrett Poole, and Walden Valdovinos. Defendant was in and possessed gang-related photographs. He was involved in a gang-related drive-by shooting on November 9, 2011, participated in a fight against Sureños on January 27, 2012, and graffitied on January 18, 2013. Finally, defendant had gang-related tattoos and attire.
Based on various reports, field identification cards, discussions with other police officers, and other research, Sanchez concluded Saldana was an active Norteño at the time of the crime. Saldana admitted he fraternized with “northern gangs.” He associated with documented Norteños, including Hastings, Maldonado, Morales, Poole, Rojas, Jordan Guzman, and Samuel Rivas. Saldana was in and possessed gang-related photographs. He threatened a Norteño “drop out” “who [wa]s no longer in good standing[] with the gang” with a bat on August 19, 2011; participated in a fight against Sureños on January 27, 2012; assaulted a Sureño on June 6, 2012; and graffitied on January 18, 2013. Finally, Saldana had gang-related tattoos and attire, including a black T-shirt displaying the Roman numeral “XIV” and the phrase “fuck scraps”; a red and white T-shirt displaying the words “NorCal”; a red bandana; a red beanie; a hat displaying a red letter “N”; and another hat displaying the letter “B.”
Sanchez opined Richard’s murder on February 2, 2013, was gang related. Amid the gunfire, Renteria heard someone on the other side of the fence yell “Norte.” In addition, defendant and Saldana were together and in close proximity to the Martinez residence before, during, and after the shooting. Although the murder weapon was never found, Sanchez noted “it is common for gang members to give the gun off to fellow gang members so . . . it is not discovered by law enforcement.” He believed the shooting was “revenge for [Anthony]’s death.” Sanchez pointed out (1) George associated with Ricardo; (2) Richard was related to Ricardo; (3) defendant consorted with members of the Cardenas family; (4) hours after the shooting, Isabel drove by the Martinez residence; (5) Isabel alluded to Richard’s death at Ricardo’s sentencing hearing; and (6) Isabel and Delgadillo attended defendant’s preliminary hearing and/or trial.
In response to a hypothetical question posed by the prosecutor, Sanchez opined the killing of an individual—a relative of a Sureño who killed a Norteño—at the home of a Sureño associate by two Norteños promotes, benefits, and furthers the gang. He explained:
“Gang members act violently and commit retaliating crimes. The fact that these subjects committed a homicide on a perceived rival gang member or a family member of some one that was involved in a previous homicide of one of their own shows that gang members are going to retaliate. . . . The fact that [two] gang members are together when they do this homicide, the gang is going to know about it. They are going to know that these are the ones that committed the crime for the gang.
“A homicide is a huge crime within the gang. It is going to boost their status within the gang. They are going to be held to much higher respect within the gang. [The two gang members and the gang as a whole] are going to be feared by rival gang members because they know that these gang members are willing to commit homicide and you don’t want to mess with them. [¶] . . . [¶]
“. . . [T]he gang is going to be feared. They are going to know the Southerners aren’t going to want to do crimes against the rival gang because they know that they are going to be a retaliation. Gang members gain their respect off of fear.
“Unlike normal citizens, we gain respect from having a nice house, earning a degree, having a nice job, that is how we gain respect. Gang members gain respect by their fear. They are feared by the community, they are feared by rival gang members and to get that fear they commit violent crimes . . . . And that is their respect for them.”
Sanchez also opined such a killing “would have been in association with or at the direction of or to assist gang members and criminal conduct”:
“[J]ust the fact that you have got [two] validated gang members committing a crime together, the crime of homicide, it would definitely be in association with the gang. Gang members typically don’t commit crimes by themselves. They always commit crimes in numbers with at least two or more persons. This is because gang members are going to have a witness. His homie is going to say yeah he put in work, he put in the work. It is a witness to that, for them to the gang that they commit crimes. [¶] . . . [¶]
“. . . Gang members will assist other gang members by taking the firearm used in a crime and they will hide it. So law enforcement can’t discover. [¶] . . . [¶]
“. . . [The killing] was definitely in direction of the gang because this was a direct hit for the gang as a result of a retaliation for [the earlier killing of a fellow Norteño].”
II. Defense’s case-in-chief.
Hastings and his wife Olivia Ortega testified for the defense. According to Hastings, defendant visited their home on the night of Richard’s murder, arriving at around 11:30 p.m. and leaving an hour later. Ortega remembered defendant dropped by their home two years earlier but could not specify the exact date.
A few days after defendant’s visit, Hastings heard about the shooting for the first time via social media. He denied being a gang member. Concerning the “Big Block” tattoo on his neck, Hastings said the words referred to his Chevrolet Impala as well as the notion that “size matters.”
DISCUSSION
I. Substantial evidence supported defendant’s convictions on counts 1 and 2.
a. Standard of review.
“To determine the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction, we review the entire record in the light most favorable to the prosecution to determine whether it contains [substantial] evidence that is reasonable, credible[,] and of solid value, from which a rational trier of fact could find that the elements of the crime were established beyond a reasonable doubt.” (People v. Tripp (2007) 151 Cal.App.4th 951, 955 (Tripp).) We “presume in support of the judgment the existence of every fact the trier could reasonably deduce from the evidence.” (People v. Redmond (1969) 71 Cal.2d 745, 755.) “We need not be convinced of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt; we merely ask whether ‘ “any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (Tripp, supra, at p. 955, italics omitted.)
“Before the judgment of the trial court can be set aside for insufficiency of the evidence to support the verdict of the jury, it must clearly appear that upon no hypothesis what[so]ever is there sufficient substantial evidence to support it.” (People v. Redmond, supra, 71 Cal.2d at p. 755.) “ ‘Conflicts and even testimony which is subject to justifiable suspicion do not justify the reversal of a judgment, for it is the exclusive province of the trial judge or jury to determine the credibility of a witness and the truth or falsity of the facts upon which a determination depends. [Citation.] We resolve neither credibility issues nor evidentiary conflicts; we look for substantial evidence.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Lee (2011) 51 Cal.4th 620, 632.)
“This standard of review . . . applies to circumstantial evidence. [Citation.] If the circumstances, plus all the logical inferences the jury might have drawn from them, reasonably justify the jury’s findings, our opinion that the circumstances might also reasonably be reconciled with a contrary finding does not warrant a reversal of the judgment. [Citations.]” (Tripp, supra, 151 Cal.App.4th at p. 955.)
b. Analysis – murder conviction.
“ ‘[A] person aids and abets the commission of a crime when he or she, acting with (1) knowledge of the unlawful purpose of the perpetrator; and (2) the intent or purpose of committing, encouraging, or facilitating the commission of the offense, (3) by act or advice aids, promotes, encourages or instigates, the commission of the crime.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Gonzales and Soliz (2011) 52 Cal.4th 254, 295-296.) “[P]roof of aider and abettor liability requires proof in three distinct areas: (a) the direct perpetrator’s actus reus—a crime committed by the direct perpetrator, (b) the aider and abettor’s mens rea—knowledge of the direct perpetrator’s unlawful intent and an intent to assist in achieving those unlawful ends, and (c) the aider and abettor’s actus reus—conduct by the aider and abettor that in fact assists the achievement of the crime.” (People v. Perez (2005) 35 Cal.4th 1219, 1225.) “ ‘Whether a person has aided and abetted in the commission of a crime ordinarily is a question of fact. . . . [¶] . . . [¶] Among the factors which may be considered in making the determination of aiding and abetting are: presence at the scene of the crime, companionship, and conduct before and after the offense.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Nguyen (2015) 61 Cal.4th 1015, 1054 (Nguyen); accord, People v. Perryman (1967) 250 Cal.App.2d 813, 820.)
The record, viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, shows defendant and Saldana are Norteños. They and two other males yelled “Norte” and confronted George outside his home during the week of January 18, 2013. George was a known associate of a Sureño (Ricardo) who shot and killed a Norteño (Anthony) some years earlier. Before leaving, defendant announced the group “got something for [George]” and George “was going to get it.” Approximately two weeks later, on February 1, 2013, George and Jorge saw defendant, Saldana, and two other males in close proximity to their house. Later that day, Guijon, Renteria, and Ricardo’s relative Richard dropped by the residence. About a half an hour past midnight, as George, Jorge, and their guests were drinking and smoking in the backyard, an unidentified assailant opened fire. Either this assailant or a cohort shouted, “[T]hat’s right, Norte.” After the shooting ceased, George and Jorge exited the backyard and observed two pairs of individuals fleeing the scene in opposite directions. George saw one pair sprinting through the park. Jorge saw the other running away on Olive Lane, fired his revolver, and struck one of them. At 12:36 a.m., defendant phoned 911 and reported Saldana’s injury: a gunshot wound. Based on GPS coordinates, defendant was on Olive Lane at the time of the call. Shortly thereafter, at the intersection of Olive Lane and Pomegranate Street, Garibay encountered an incapacitated Saldana and spotted the silhouette of another person running. Ensuing text messages on defendant’s phone demonstrated (1) within an hour of the shooting, defendant deliberately hid; (2) defendant communicated with various Norteños and Norteño associates, including members of Anthony’s family (the Cardenases), about his whereabouts and Saldana’s status; and (3) these Norteños and Norteño associates urged defendant to remain inconspicuous, apprised him of police activity, and/or pledged unconditional support. At trial, Sanchez described the enmity between Norteños and Sureños and the practice of Norteños to perpetrate murder and other violent crimes against those “involved in a previous homicide of one of their own” as retribution, noting the conduct and remarks of Isabel (Anthony’s mother) in the wake of Richard’s death. (See Nguyen, supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 1055 [gang evidence may strengthen inferences arising from other evidence specific to a defendant’s role in a crime].)
From these facts, a rational jury could have inferred (1) the gunman and defendant were two of the four individuals who fled the scene immediately after the shooting; (2) the gunman was a Norteño or a Norteño sympathizer; (3) defendant, a Norteño and ally of the Cardenas family, was aware of the gunman’s unlawful purpose and intended to encourage or facilitate the shooting (see Nguyen, supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 1055 [“ ‘Evidence of a defendant’s state of mind is almost inevitably circumstantial, but circumstantial evidence is as sufficient as direct evidence to support a conviction.’ ”]); and (4) defendant acted in a manner that encouraged or facilitated the shooting, e.g., by surveying the Martinez residence, the adjacent alley, and the nearby park before the shooting.
c. Analysis – gang conspiracy conviction.
“[A]ny person who actively participates in any criminal street gang . . . with knowledge that its members engage in or have engaged in a pattern of criminal gang activity . . . and who willfully promotes, furthers, assists, or benefits from any felonious criminal conduct by members of that gang is guilty of conspiracy to commit that felony . . . .” (§ 182.5; accord, People v. Johnson (2013) 57 Cal.4th 250, 259.)
The record, viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, shows defendant is an admitted Norteño who has himself engaged in gang-related criminal activity. As we concluded earlier, substantial evidence established he aided and abetted Richard’s murder, which was in retaliation for Anthony’s death in 2010. At trial, Sanchez testified the individual Norteños who participate in the killing of a rival gang member gain greater respect and status within the gang. Furthermore, the gang as a whole benefits from the homicide because the homicide implants fear within the rival gang and the community at large. From these facts, a rational jury could have inferred defendant (1) was an active Norteño; (2) was aware the Norteños engage in a pattern of criminal activity; and (3) willfully promoted, furthered, assisted, or benefitted from Richard’s shooting death.
II. The trial court correctly instructed the jury on aider and abettor liability.
a. Background.
At the jury instruction conference, the trial court indicated it would issue CALCRIM Nos. 400 (Aiding and Abetting: General Principles) and 401 (Aiding and Abetting: Intended Crimes). Defendant’s attorney, objected:
“MR. BIANCO: Again, I have a problem in that he is the accused. Who did he aid and abet?
“THE COURT: Well it could be interpreted that the other guy was the shooter and . . . defendant was with him.
“MR. BIANCO: Well is he aiding and abetting some one else or is he aiding and abetting him?
“THE COURT: He is abetting the other guy that got shot. The other guy that got shot could have been the shooter and so if he was with him and assisted him. I am going to give it over your objections, Mr. Bianco.”
Before closing arguments, the court read CALCRIM Nos. 400 and 401 to the jury:
“A person may be guilt[y] of a crime in two ways. [One], he or she may have directly committed the crime. I will call that person the perpetrator. [Two], he or she may have aided and abetted a perpetrator[,] who directly committed the crime. A person is guilty of a crime whether he or she committed it personally or aided and abetted the perpetrator.
“To prove that the defendant is guilty of a crime based on aiding and abetting that crime[,] the People must prove that:
“[One], the perpetrator committed the crime[;]
“[Two], the defendant knew that the perpetrator intended to commit the crime[;]
“[Three], before or during the commission of the crime[,] the defendant intended to aid and abet the perpetrator in committing the crime[;]
“And [four], the defendant’s words or conduct did in fact aid and abet the perpetrator’s commission of the crime.
“Some one aids and abets a crime if he or she knows of the perpetrator’s unlawful purpose and he or she specifically intends to[,] and does in fact[,] aid, facilitate, promote, encourage[,] or instigate the perpetrator’s commission of that crime.
“If all of these requirements are proved, defendant does not need to actually have been present when the crime was committed to be guilty as an aider and abettor.
“If you conclude that the defendant was present at the scene of the crime or failed to prevent the crime, you may consider that fact in determining whether the defendant was an aider and abettor. However, the fact that a person is present at the scene of a crime or fails to prevent the crime does not[,] by itself[,] make him or her an aider or abettor.”
In her summation, the prosecutor asserted defendant could be found criminally liable as an aider and abettor.
b. Standard of review.
“A claim of instructional error is reviewed de novo.” (People v. Ghebretensae (2013) 222 Cal.App.4th 741, 759, citing People v. Guiuan (1998) 18 Cal.4th 558, 569-570.)
c. Analysis.
“Even without a request, a trial court is obliged to instruct on ‘ “general principles of law that are commonly or closely and openly connected to the facts before the court and that are necessary for the jury’s understanding of the case” ’ [citation], or put more concisely, on ‘ “general legal principles raised by the evidence and necessary for the jury’s understanding of the case” ’ [citation]. In particular, instructions delineating an aiding and abetting theory of liability must be given when such derivative culpability ‘form[s] a part of the prosecution’s theory of criminal liability and substantial evidence supports the theory.’ [Citation].” (People v. Delgado (2013) 56 Cal.4th 480, 488.) In this context, “[s]ubstantial evidence is evidence sufficient to ‘deserve consideration by the jury,’ that is, evidence that a reasonable jury could find persuasive. [Citation.]” (People v. Barton (1995) 12 Cal.4th 186, 201, fn. 8.)
We conclude an instruction on aider and abettor liability was proper. First, “such derivative culpability ‘form[ed] a part of the prosecution’s theory of criminal liability.’ ” (People v. Delgado, supra, 56 Cal.4th at p. 488.) Second, contrary to defendant’s view, the evidence needed to justify a particular instruction is less than the evidence needed to support a verdict. (Cf. National Medical Transportation Network v. Deloitte & Touche (1998) 62 Cal.App.4th 412, 419-420, fn. 2 [“ ‘ “The evidence necessary to justify the giving of an instruction need not be overwhelming . . . [but] may be slight . . . or even opposed to the preponderance of the evidence.” ’ ”].) Because substantial evidence supported defendant’s conviction for murder as an aider and abettor (see ante, at pp. 15-18), the same evidence necessarily justified the corresponding instruction.
III. The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it prohibited defendant’s attorney from mentioning defendant’s age in his summation.
a. Background.
Near the end of jury selection, the prosecutor asked the trial court to exclude evidence of defendant’s age. The court responded:
“I’m going to tell [the jurors] how old [defendant] is and they are not to consider it. He is being prosecuted as an adult. [¶] . . . [¶] . . . I will just tell them [the homicide] occurred when he was 16. He is considered an adult for purposes of prosecution because of the nature of the offense.”
Before trial commenced, the court issued CALCRIM No. 101 (Cautionary Admonitions: Jury Conduct (Before, During, or After Jury Is Selected)), which warned the jury “not [to] let bias, sympathy, prejudice or public opinion influence [its] decision.”
Defendant’s probation officer testified for the prosecution. He chronicled defendant’s time in juvenile hall. On cross-examination, defendant’s counsel asked for defendant’s birthdate. The prosecutor raised a relevance objection, which was overruled. The probation officer testified defendant was born on March 5, 1996, and was approximately 14 years old when he was first taken into custody. Later, the jury listened to an audio recording of defendant’s police interview. (See ante, fn. 8.) At the beginning of the interview, defendant confirmed he was born on March 5, 1996.
After close of evidence and before summations, the court issued CALCRIM No. 200 (Duties of Judge and Jury):
“Do not let bias, sympathy, prejudice[,] or public opinion influence your decision. Bias includes[,] but is not limited [to,] bias for or against the witnesses, attorneys, defendant[,] or alleged victim based on disability, gender, nationality, national origin, race or ethnicity, religion, gender identity, sexual orientation, age[,] or socioeconomic status.”
Before defendant’s closing argument, the prosecutor asked his attorney to refrain from mentioning defendant’s age. The following colloquy ensued:
“MR. BIANCO: . . . Now my client’s age, I think that is a fact, . . . that is evidence. It has . . . been brought up so I can talk about that.
“THE COURT: Well what is the relevance of it?
“MR. BIANCO: Really I don’t have to talk about relevancy in my argument to the jury.
“THE COURT: Sure, it has to be relevant. Arguing that he was 16 at the time of the incident is a plea for sympathy and I am not going to allow it.
“MR. BIANCO: . . . Your Honor, I can talk about [how] he got out of [j]uvenile [h]all. [The prosecutor] did. That means he was under 17, under 18, that he went in when he was –
“THE COURT: So what? That is not relevant.
“MR. BIANCO: Well did [the prosecutor] bring it up?
“THE COURT: [The prosecutor] brought it up that he was released from [j]uvenile [h]all. She didn’t talk about his age. I am not going to allow you to talk about his age when this occurred. It is not relevant. I mean that is a direct plea for sympathy and [the jurors] are not to consider that. They all indicated that his age wasn’t relevant [and] they wouldn’t consider it. So you are not going to argue. [¶] . . . [¶]
“MR. BIANCO: I can talk about his age.
“THE COURT: No, you can’t. It is not relevant. It is not relevant. You can’t talk about the fact he was only 16. That is not relevant. I am not going to allow it. That is a straight plea for sympathy based on his age. He is being tried as an adult. The fact that he was 16 is not relevant.
“MR. BIANCO: I believe the court has advised the jury the fact that he is an adult.
“THE COURT: I have.
“MR. BIANCO: And he is a minor being tried as an adult, you brought that up.
“THE COURT: I brought it up because you guys asked me to and we had to get a commitment from the jurors that they would not consider it. So I am not going to argue it any more, Mr. Bianco, it is not to be argued. That is my ruling.
“MR. BIANCO: All right.”
b. Standard of review.
Section 1044 “vests the trial court with broad discretion to control the conduct of a criminal trial.” (People v. Calderon (1994) 9 Cal.4th 69, 75.) “When there is no patent abuse of discretion, a trial court’s determinations under section 1044 must be upheld on appeal.” (People v. Cline (1998) 60 Cal.App.4th 1327, 1334, citing People v. Calderon, supra, at p. 79; see People v. Kipp (1998) 18 Cal.4th 349, 371 [“A court abuses its discretion when its ruling ‘falls outside the bounds of reason.’ ”].)
c. Analysis.
“It shall be the duty of the judge to control all proceedings during the trial, and to limit the introduction of evidence and the argument of counsel to relevant and material matters, with a view to the expeditious and effective ascertainment of the truth regarding the matters involved.” (§ 1044; see People v. Rodrigues (1994) 8 Cal.4th 1060, 1184 [“It is firmly established that a criminal defendant has a constitutional right to have counsel present closing argument to the trier of fact. [Citations.] Nonetheless, it is equally settled that a judge in a criminal case ‘must be and is given great latitude in controlling the duration and limiting the scope of closing summations.’ ”].)
We conclude the court did not abuse its discretion when it prohibited defense counsel from mentioning defendant’s age in his summation. When questioned about the pertinence of doing so, counsel replied, “I don’t have to talk about relevancy in my argument to the jury.” Moreover, he did nothing to dispel the court’s concern that a reference to defendant’s age was intended to appeal to the jurors’ sympathies. Rather than offer a material purpose, counsel stated he was entitled to bring up defendant’s age because the matter was directly and indirectly introduced in the course of trial. Given the circumstances, the court did not act unreasonably.
IV. Defendant’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel must be rejected because the appellate record does not shed light on why his counsel acted or failed to act in the challenged manner.
To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show (1) defense counsel did not provide reasonably effective assistance in view of prevailing professional norms; and (2) defense counsel’s deficient performance was prejudicial. (See People v. Oden (1987) 193 Cal.App.3d 1675, 1681, citing Strickland v. Washington (1984) 466 U.S. 668, 687-688.) “It is . . . particularly difficult to establish ineffective assistance of counsel on direct appeal, where we are limited to evaluating the appellate record. If the record does not shed light on why counsel acted or failed to act in the challenged manner, we must reject the claim on appeal unless counsel was asked for and failed to provide a satisfactory explanation, or there simply can be no satisfactory explanation.” (People v. Scott (1997) 15 Cal.4th 1188, 1212.)
The record before us “ ‘does not illuminate the basis for the attorney’s challenged acts or omissions . . . .’ ” (People v. Silvey (1997) 58 Cal.App.4th 1320, 1329.) Trial counsel was never asked to explain why he did not object to certain portions of Sanchez’s testimony attributing Richard’s death to defendant and Saldana. Furthermore, “ ‘ “[a]n attorney may choose not to object for many reasons, and the failure to object rarely establishes ineffectiveness of counsel” [citation].’ [Citation.]” (People v. Gurule (2002) 28 Cal.4th 557, 609-610; see People v. Jones (2003) 29 Cal.4th 1229, 1254 [“ ‘ “[T]here is a ‘strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.’ ” ’ ”]; People v. Riel (2000) 22 Cal.4th 1153, 1185 [“ ‘Generally, failure to object is a matter of trial tactics as to which we will not exercise judicial hindsight. . . . A reviewing court will not second-guess trial counsel’s reasonable tactical decisions.’ ”].) Accordingly, we reject defendant’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.
V. Proposition 57 applies retroactively.
a. Background.
At the time of the offenses, defendant was 16 years old. The criminal action was directly filed in adult criminal court. Defendant was convicted on December 12, 2014. He filed a notice of appeal on February 23, 2015, and the case was fully briefed on December 23, 2015. On November 8, 2016, while the appeal was pending, Proposition 57 was passed by the voters. It took effect the next day. (See Cal. Const., art. II, § 10, subd. (a).)
b. Analysis.
“Historically, California required a judicial determination of unfitness for juvenile court before a minor could be prosecuted in adult court. [Citations.] Beginning [with the passage of Proposition 21] in March 2000 and continuing until the adoption of Proposition 57, however, the district attorney was authorized, as a matter of executive discretion, to file a criminal action against a juvenile in certain defined circumstances, rather than filing the case in juvenile court, a practice known as ‘direct filing’ or ‘discretionary direct filing.’ [Citations.] Some crimes . . . were considered so serious by the voters that, if committed by a minor age 14 or older, juvenile court was not an option; filing in adult criminal court was mandated by statute (‘mandatory direct filing’). [Citations.]” (People v. Cervantes (2017) 9 Cal.App.5th 569, 595-596, fn. omitted, overruled in part by Lara, supra, 4 Cal.5th at pp. 314-315.)
“Proposition 57 was designed to undo Proposition 21. After the passage of Proposition 57, the charging instrument for all juvenile crimes must be filed in juvenile court. [Citation.] While prosecuting attorneys may move to transfer certain categories of cases to criminal court [citation], they have no authority to directly and independently file a criminal complaint against someone who broke the law as a juvenile, even by committing the crimes that previously qualified for mandatory direct filing. In cases where transfer to adult court is authorized [citation] (and not all cases qualify), the juvenile court now has sole authority to determine whether the minor should be transferred. [Citations.] Thus, Proposition 57 effectively guarantees a juvenile accused felon a right to a fitness hearing before he or she may be sent to the criminal division for prosecution as an adult.” (People v. Cervantes, supra, 9 Cal.App.4th at pp. 596-597, fn. omitted; accord, People v. Marquez (2017) 11 Cal.App.5th 816, 821, overruled in part by Lara, supra, 4 Cal.5th at p. 314; see Welf. & Inst. Code, §§ 602, 707.)
“ ‘The Legislature ordinarily makes laws that will apply to events that will occur in the future. Accordingly, there is a presumption that laws apply prospectively rather than retroactively. But this presumption against retroactivity is a canon of statutory interpretation rather than a constitutional mandate. [Citation.] Therefore, the Legislature can ordinarily enact laws that apply retroactively, either explicitly or by implication. [Citation.] In order to determine if a law is meant to apply retroactively, the role of a court is to determine the intent of the Legislature, or in the case of a ballot measure, the intent of the electorate. [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (Lara, supra, 4 Cal.5th at p. 307.)
In In re Estrada (1965) 63 Cal.2d 740 (Estrada), the defendant had been convicted of being under the influence of narcotics, a misdemeanor. In lieu of incarceration, he was committed to a rehabilitation center. The defendant escaped from the center but was recaptured. He pled guilty to escape without force or violence, an offense punishable by a minimum one-year sentence to commence from the time he would have been discharged. In addition, under a separate penal provision, the defendant could not be eligible for parole until he served at least two years from and after the date of his return to custody. (Id. at pp. 742-743.) Between the time of the escape and the time of sentencing, the governing statutes were amended to reduce the minimum term to six months and eliminate the two-year waiting period for parole consideration. (Id. at pp. 743-744.) The defendant argued he was “entitled to the ameliorating benefits of the statutes as amended . . . .” (Id. at p. 744.) The Supreme Court agreed:
“If the amendatory statute lessening punishment becomes effective prior to the date the judgment of conviction becomes final then, in our opinion, it, and not the old statute in effect when the prohibited act was committed, applies. [¶] . . . [¶]
“. . . When the Legislature amends a statute so as to lessen the punishment it has obviously expressly determined that its former penalty was too severe and that a lighter punishment is proper as punishment for the commission of the prohibited act. It is an inevitable inference that the Legislature must have intended that the new statute imposing the new lighter penalty now deemed to be sufficient should apply to every case to which it constitutionally could apply. The amendatory act imposing the lighter punishment can be applied constitutionally to acts committed before its passage provided the judgment convicting the defendant of the act is not final. This intent seems obvious, because to hold otherwise would be to conclude that the Legislature was motivated by a desire for vengeance, a conclusion not permitted in view of modern theories of penology. . . .
“ ‘. . . A legislative mitigation of the penalty for a particular crime represents a legislative judgment that the lesser penalty or the different treatment is sufficient to meet the legitimate ends of the criminal law. Nothing is to be gained by imposing the more severe penalty after such a pronouncement; the excess in punishment can, by hypothesis, serve no purpose other than to satisfy a desire for vengeance. As to a mitigation of penalties, then, it is safe to assume, as the modern rule does, that it was the legislative design that the lighter penalty should be imposed in all cases that subsequently reach the courts.’ ” (Estrada, supra, 63 Cal.2d at pp. 744-746.)
Our Supreme Court summarized Estrada’s meaning: “ ‘The Estrada rule rests on an inference that, in the absence of contrary indications, a legislative body ordinarily intends for ameliorative changes to the criminal law to extend as broadly as possible, distinguishing only as necessary between sentences that are final and sentences that are not.’ [Citations.]” (Lara, supra, 4 Cal.5th at p. 308.)
Proposition 57 “did not ameliorate the punishment, or possible punishment, for a particular crime . . . .” (Lara, supra, 4 Cal.5th at p. 308.) In other words, “Estrada is not directly on point.” (Id. at p. 303.) Nonetheless, our Supreme Court held:
“[Estrada’s] rationale does apply. The possibility of being treated as a juvenile in juvenile court—where rehabilitation is the goal—rather than being tried and sentenced as an adult can result in dramatically different and more lenient treatment. Therefore, Proposition 57 reduces the possible punishment for a class of persons, namely juveniles. For this reason, Estrada’s inference of retroactivity applies. As nothing in Proposition 57’s text or ballot materials rebuts this inference, we conclude this part of Proposition 57 applies to all juveniles charged directly in adult court whose judgment was not final at the time it was enacted.” (Lara, supra, at pp. 303-304.)
In view of Lara, we conclude defendant is retroactively entitled to a transfer hearing.
VI. Senate Bill No. 620 applies retroactively.
At the time defendant was charged, convicted, and sentenced, subdivision (h) of section 12022.53 provided:
“Notwithstanding Section 1385 or any other provision[s] of law, the court shall not strike an allegation under this section or a finding bringing a person within the provisions of this section.”
Thereafter, the Legislature enacted Senate Bill No. 620. As of January 1, 2018, subdivision (h) of section 12022.53 reads:
“The court may, in the interest of justice pursuant to Section 1385 and at the time of sentencing, strike or dismiss an enhancement otherwise required to be imposed by this section. The authority provided by this subdivision applies to any resentencing that may occur pursuant to any other law.”
In their supplemental briefs, both parties assert Senate Bill No. 620 applies retroactively to defendant’s case and—if the juvenile court concludes it would have authorized a transfer to adult criminal court—a remand for reconsideration of sentencing is proper. We agree.
DISPOSITION
The judgment of the criminal court is conditionally reversed. The case is remanded to the juvenile court to conduct a transfer hearing no later than 90 days from the issuance of the remittitur. When conducting this hearing, the juvenile court shall, to the extent possible, treat the matter as though the prosecutor had originally filed a juvenile petition and moved to transfer the case to a court of criminal jurisdiction. (See People v. Vela (2017) 11 Cal.App.5th 68, 82-83 (Vela), decision vacated and cause remanded for further consideration in light of Senate Bill No. 620 (stats. 2017, ch. 682); see also Lara, supra, 4 Cal.5th at pp. 312-313 [citing Vela with approval].)
If, at the transfer hearing, the juvenile court concludes defendant should have been transferred to a court of criminal jurisdiction, the judgment shall be reinstated as of that date. (See Vela, supra, 11 Cal.App.5th at pp. 82-83.) The criminal court shall then exercise its discretion under Penal Code section 12022.53, subdivision (h), as amended by Senate Bill No. 620, and, if appropriate, resentence defendant.
On the other hand, if, at the transfer hearing, defendant is declared fit for rehabilitation within the juvenile justice system, his convictions and enhancements shall be deemed juvenile adjudications as of that date. The juvenile court shall conduct a dispositional hearing within its usual timeframe and impose an appropriate disposition within its discretion under juvenile court law. (See Vela, supra, 11 Cal.App.5th at pp. 82-83.)


DETJEN, J.
WE CONCUR:



HILL, P.J.



MEEHAN, J.